• Financial nonfinancial disclosures The authors have reported

  2021-09-23

  

  Financial/nonfinancial disclosures: The authors have reported to CHEST the following: M. J. A. has received investigator-initiated grants from Pfizer and Boehringer Ingelheim for unrelated research. None declared (X. D., S. C. D., G. B., N. T. W., J. L. P., J. H., B. E., A. J. L., J. A. B., C. S., C

• GlxI is a member of the superfamily of

  2021-09-23

  

  GlxI is a member of the βαβββ superfamily of proteins, consisting of fosfomycin resistance protein (FosA), methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase (MMCE), extradiol dioxygenase (DIOX), mitomycin C resistance protein (MRP) and bleomycin resistance protein (BRP) [29], [30], [31]. These proteins are believed to ha

• br Introduction Glycoproteins represent a

  2021-09-23

  

  Introduction Glycoproteins represent a staggeringly small fraction of proteins analyzed by high-resolution techniques despite high concentrations at the cell surface and critical roles in many human diseases. Though one-half or more of all human proteins are predicted to contain a carbohydrate ch

• Moreover we revealed that alanine and

  2021-09-23

  

  Moreover, we revealed that β-alanine and taurine, a structural analog of β-alanine, have different receptor affinity in the SG neurons of the spinal dorsal horn. Additionally, previous studies indicate that taurine regulates nociceptive information at the spinal cord level, and we have previously de

• The main consequence of glucose catabolism is the elevation

  2021-09-22

  

  The main consequence of glucose catabolism is the elevation of ATP concentration, which in turn suppresses the ATP sensitive potassium (KATP) channels gating function. The KATP channels are octamers composed of the tetrameric inward-rectifying potassium channels (with Kir6.1 and Kir6.2 subunits), th

• read full report Acetylation of histones by histone acetyltr

  2021-09-22

  

  Acetylation of histones by histone acetyltransferases stimulates gene expression by relaxing read full report structure, allowing access of transcription factors to DNA, whereas deacetylation of histones by histone deacetylases promotes chromatin condensation and transcriptional repression. Recent s

• The HIF complex was initially identified as an important

  2021-09-22

  

  The HIF complex was initially identified as an important component of the cell machinery involved in the response and GSK2656157 to hypoxia (Semenza, 2001). Further studies have shown that HIF can also modulate whole-body energy homeostasis by controlling hypothalamic neurons (Varela et al., 2017,

• br Hedgehog pathway The Hedgehog pathway

  2021-09-22

  

  Hedgehog pathway The Hedgehog pathway (Fig. 1) derives its name from Hh gene mutant Drosophila, which presents a spiked phenotype resembling the animal “hedgehog” [13]. The Hh proteins control embryonic development in vertebrates, where the signaling mechanisms mediated by the proteins are multip

• The second class of proteins necessary for

  2021-09-22

  

  The second class of proteins necessary for maintaining GW9508 dynamics is chromatin modifiers, which are considered ‘writers’ and ‘erasers’ and are responsible for modifications of histone N-terminal tails. These post-translational modifications can have direct or indirect effects on chromatin stru

• br STAR Methods br Acknowledgments We thank Prof Y Tomari

  2021-09-22

  

  STAR★Methods Acknowledgments We thank Prof. Y. Tomari at the University of Tokyo for experimental advice and K. Hanada for technical assistance. This research was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas “Nascent Chain Biology” (JP15H01548 and JP17H05677 to T.I. a

• Thus our data demonstrate that polymorphisms of GSTP differe

  2021-09-22

  

  Thus, our data demonstrate that polymorphisms of GSTP1-1 differentially mediate activation of Prdx6 peroxidase activity, providing a platform to imply that contingent upon their GSTP genotype, individuals will have significant differences in mounting an antioxidant response, particularly affecting p

• The endocannabinoid system ECS consists of cannabinoid CB an

  2021-09-22

  

  The endocannabinoid system (ECS) consists of cannabinoid (CB)1 and CB2 receptors, their endogenous ligands anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol, and the synthesizing and degrading enzymes for these ligands. Cannabinoids and the ECS are involved in the regulation of GI motility in physiological and p

• Although it is currently unknown why the longer splice

  2021-09-22

  

  Although it is currently unknown why the longer splice variant found in the human has not been found in any other species, similar results have been reported for other receptors, including the γ-Linolenic Acid methyl ester receptor splice variant ERbeta2 identified in human and primate, but not oth

• br Materials animals and methods br

  2021-09-22

  

  Materials, animals and methods Results Discussion This study presents mice with a missense point mutation in R258 of FFAR1 that has functional consequences. Firstly, in islets of Ffar1R258W/R258W mice, both the physiological agonist palmitate and the synthetic agonist TUG-469 were unable to

• The transport of glutamate by EAAT from the extracellular fl

  2021-09-22

  

  The transport of glutamate by EAAT2 from the extracellular fluid into either astrocytes or endothelial cells is an unfavorable and energy-consuming process. This energy is provided by a coupled co-transport of three sodium ions, one proton, and one glutamate molecule in the counter-transport of one

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